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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  87a-4S03 


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CIHM/iCMH 
Microfiche 


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CIHM/ICMH 
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microfiches. 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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n 
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Coloured  covers/ 
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empreinte. 

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dern'Are  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
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symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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method: 


Les  cartes,  plariches,  tablaaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film^s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illuntrent  la  mAthode. 


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A 


**Thfi  Aort  Kpace  ni  life  forbiiW  the  laying  of  pLiM  requirinc  « 
lone  time  lor  their  accomplvshment."— HORACE. 


! 
I 


Impossibility 


OF 


Canadian  Annexation. 


CompMmenU  of 

XRA8TUS  WIMAN, 

814  Broadway,  New  York. 


4    ,  »  i"" 


k 


5   t  • 


tSX^uPEC 


1935 


f 


t 


M 


<? 


Impossibility 

OF 

Canadian  Annexation. 


[Fromtho  Buooklyx  Eagle,  SentenibL-r  20,  1891.  ] 


Mr.  EUASTUS  WiMAN  was  yesterday  sought  by 
an  Eagle  reporter  at  his  oHice  on  Broadway,  New 
York,  for  an  expression  of  his  views  in  relation  to 
the  question  of  1(ie 'Annexation  of  Canada  to  the 
United  States  and  the  effect  of  the  policy  of  Reci- 
procity upon  the  two  couhtries,  which  Mr.  Fuancis 
Wayland  Glen  of  Brooklyn  recently  discuosed  for 
the  benelitof  the  readers  of  this  paper.  Mr. 
WiMAN  said : 

"  I  have  the  highest  respect  for  Mr.  Glen's  ability 
and  sincerity.  I  doubt  if  there  is  any  man  bom  in 
the  United  States  that  more  thoroughly  apprehends 
the  magnitude  and  import;ince  of  Canada,  or  who 
is  better  acquainted  with  the  institutions  of  that 
country  and  the  advantages  that  would  flow  both 
to  the  United  States  and  to  Canada  from  the  closest 
possible  alliance  with  each  other.  Ho  has  had 
abundant  opportunity,  for  he  is  one  of  the  very  few 
Americans  who  have  had  a  seat  in  the  Parliament 
of  Canada,  while  his  contact  with  the  farmer  class 
as  a  manufacturer  of  agricultural  implements, 
imparted  to  him  a  knowledge  of  the  economio 
conditions  of  that  country.  I  very  much  appreciate 
the  time  and  ability  which  he  is  putting  into  the 
discussion  of  the  Canadian  question,  and  I  believe 
he  is  gaining  a  great  deal  of  influence.  Further,  I 
am  particularly  grateful  to  Mr.  Glouthat,  while  we 
differ  very  acutely,   ho  never  loses  opportunity 


KEKl'INO  A  PKOPLK  a  taut. 


to  express  a  kindly  sentiment  towards  me,  and 
especially  In  recognition  of  my  efforts  to  enlighten 
the  American  people  as  to  the  greater  half  of  the 
Continent  to  the  North. 

"BntMr.  Glen  utterly  and  completely  falls  to 
apprehend  the  real  sentiments  of  the  Canadian 
people  in  relation  to  annexation  with  the  United 
8tates.  He  is  a  pronounced  annexationist  and  is 
anxious  that  this  country  should  go  to  any  length 
to  achieve  r'  political  uuioii.  He  would  thus  oblit- 
erate not  only  the  barrier  that  now  divides  the 
English  speaking  race  on  this  Continent,  but  re- 
move from  this  Continent  the  last  vestige  of  Great- 
Britain's  domination.  This  is  the  almost  universal 
dream  of  the  average  Anu>rican,  who  witliout  much 
thought  indulges  In  it,  but  in  our  time  it  is  nothing 
but  a  dream.  Because  Mr.  Glen  in  a  certain  sense 
represents  a  .sentiment  very  broadly  existing,  it  is 
important  his  views  should  bo  shown  to  be  imposRi* 
ble.  The  advocacy  of  Annexation  is  its  surest 
defeat,  so  far  as  Canada  is  concerned,  and,  grateful 
a^  I  am  for  the  interest  Mr.  Glen  evokes  and  the 
kindly  words  he  has  uttered,  nevertlieless  1  believe 
that  he  is  doing  infinite  harm  in  his  advocacy  of  poli- 
tical union.  This  advocacy  keeps  the  people  apart. 
It  is  fatal  to  the  cause  of  reciprocity,  which  would 
bring  them  together  quicker  than  anything  else 
for  the  pui  poses  of  trade,  and  it  is  trade  we  are 
after  these  days  rather  than  tenitory. 

"  It  is  a  conviction  in  the  minds  of  annexationists 
that  the  surest  preventative  of  annexation  is  reel- 
procity.  The  annexationist  argues  that  to  give  a  free 
and  unrestiicted  interchange  of  products  and  ma- 
nufactures would  be  to  afford  to  Canada  all  the  ma- 
terial advantages  which  she  would  gain  by  annex- 
ation. To  deny  lier  reciprocity  would  be  to  force 
her  into  annexation,  if  such  a  thing  were  possible, 
which  it  is  not.  Hence  you  will  see  that  annexa- 
tion and  reciprocity,  at  any  rate  for  th  -  present  mo- 
ment, do  not  go  hand  in  band.  That  the  advocacy 
of  reciprocity  postpones  annexation  is  equally  true* 


f 


'1 


ANNKxATioN  UN.nsriFi.vm-i: 


I 


i 


Thei'e  ig  no  aif^uinciit  In  Canada  in  favor  of  annex< 
ation  except  the  material  argiiincut,  and  if  tlie 
material  argument  is  removed  by  reciprocity  an- 
nexation is  indefinitely  postponed. 

"Now,  to  my  mind  the  postponement  of  reci- 
procity witl)  (.'aua4la  is  the  most  fatal  mistake  the 
United  Btates  can  make.  1>ecauHe,  strange  as  it 
may  appear,  it  does  not  advance  tlie  cause  of  an> 
nexation  in  the  slightest  degree.  On  the  contrary, 
any  tendency  «m  the  part  of  the  L'nitt^d  States  to 
inaugurate  a  policy  of  force,  pressure,  or  even  in- 
diCFerenci',  is  Just  assure  to  result  in  the  continued 
isolation  of  the  two  people  as  that  the  sun  will  rise 
tomorrow.  The  people  of  Canada  are  the  most 
independent  .and  self  reliant  in  the  world.  They 
sprung  from  a  stock  of  British  origin  of  which  the 
Cromwellian  period  is  an  illustration.  They  are 
largely  the  direct  descendants  of  tlie  United  Empire 
Loyalists  that  voluntarily  left  the  United  States,' 
and  all  the  glories  that  followed  a  free  government, 
for  monarchy  in  the  back w  oods  of  Canada,  and  sacri- 
licin;;'  their  firesides,  their  fortunes  and  their  tut  ure, 
relinquished  the  best  prospects  under  the  sun  for 
the  sake  of  piinciple.  It  may  have  been  an  un- 
justifiable sacritice.  At  this  late  date  one  may 
wonder,  and  some  even  smile,  at  this  rugged  deter- 
mination to  resist  rebellion,  to  stand  by  the  king, 
and  bo  loyal  to  one's  convictions;  but  the  fact, 
neverthelbss,  remains  that  the  descendants  of  the 
men  who  could  make  such  sacrifices  still  contro  1 
the  destinies  of  half  the  continent !  The  fact  equally 
remains,  that  all  the  present  retaliation  and  abne- 
gation possible  by  the  United  States  will  not  force 
this  people  into  a  political  union,  which  nine- tenths 
of  them  have  been  educated  to  believe  would  be  in 
the  highest  degree  discreditable.  Disloyalty  to  Grea  t 
Britain,  who  has  treated  them  with  the  greatest 
liberalitv  and  under  whom  they  have  the  greatgfit 
liberty,  is  utterly  unjustifiable,  and  to  most  Cana- 
"dfans  would  seem  to  be  a  crime  of  unpardonable 
character.  Mr.  Glen,  like  all  other  Americans,  has 
never  yet  clearly  apprehended  the  atmosphere 
which  pervades  the  average  Canadian  home,  and 


G 


THK   UNWIl.l.INC  CIILUCII. 


the  peculiar  fteiitlnientalltyregartlinff  British  con- 
miction  which  iH  jib.sorhiMl  with  the  mother's  rallk, 
is  taaght  in  evcy  scliool,  and  is  wafted  in  every 
breeze  in  Canada.  If  Americans  only  understood 
it  l)etter  they  would  appreciate  its  virtue,  and 
honoring  a  sentiment  so  deep  seated  and  so  alto- 
getlier  creditable,  they  would  not  seek  to  ignore 
or  belittle  it. 

"  Again,  Mr.  Glen,  ignoring  the  British  sentiment 
prevalent  in  Canada,  seems  to  take  it  for  .tjranted 
that    the  ^rench   pcntiment   favors   a   political 

'•  relation  with  the  United  States.  He  was, never 
more  mistaken,  and  his  information  and  iuiluence 
is  most  misleading  on  this  point.  The  French 
people  are,  to  day,  more  dr,minated  by  tlie  Boman 

-Catholic  Church  thun  any  other  people  in  the  woild, 
and  the  influence  of  that  great  hierarchy  in  Canada 
is  dead  set  against  annexation.  The  church  in 
Quebec  is  entrenched  by  conditions  extremely 
favorable  to  its  power  and  growth,  which  it  is 
universally  believed  would  all  be  chan,s'ed  should 
Quebec  become  a  State  of  the  Union.  Jt  cannot  be 
conceived  that  the  independence  and  privileges  of 
the  priesthood,  made  perpetual  by  the  sacred  treaty 
of  Great  Britain  with  Fiance,  would  be  made  per- 
petaal  as  a  single  State  in  a  Union  of  common* 
wealths.  True,  it  is  a  mistaken  view  to  suppose 
that  this  cou  1  not  be  done,  lor  any  State  of  the 
Union  may  do  as  it  pleases  with  regard  to  its  church, 
its  priesthood  or  its  religious  matters.  There  is  no 
provision  in  the  Federal  Constitution  that  would 
interfere.  But  the  change  fi'om  exist  log  highly 
favorable  conditions  would  be  viewed  with  appre- 
hension, while  the  possibilities  of  the  introduction 
of  a  new  life,  new  institutions,  greater  intelligence 
and  greater  independence  as  the  result  of  republi- 
can institutions,  make  it  simply  out  of  the  question 
to  believe  that  in  the  life  time  of  anyone  living,  the 
French  people,  while  under  the  influence  of  the 
Church  of  Rome,  will  favor  annexation  to  the 
Urdted  States. 

'  Of  course,  the  Canadians  can  be  left  to  their 
own  devices,  and  the  result  will  bo  seen  in  half  a 


No  AXNKXAIUtN  (JU«>\VTII. 


I 


if 


f 


<!eiitury  of  the  policy  wJiich  tlioy  are  now  imrsu- 
iDK.  But  it  is  .submitted  tliat  the  lant  Iialf  century 
does  not  show  any  proKress  toward  a  political 
alliance  between  the  two  countries.  Both  the  poli- 
cies of  reciprocity  and  of  isolation  have  been  tried 
without  eflect.  It  was  alloKed  twenty-flve  years 
ago  that  the  repeal  of  the  reciprocity  treaty  would 
awaken  the  Canadian  to  a  sense  of  his  dependence 
on  this  country.  On  the  contrary,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  tliat  the  reciprocity  treaty  existing  up  to 
1S05  was  abolished,  mainly  in  the  expectation  tliat 
an  annexation  sentiment  would  be  created  thereby, 
there  was  not  the  slightest  sign  of  an  annexation 
desire.  The  enormous  losses  which  followed  the 
obliteration  of  the  treaty  were  met  in  Oana«Ui 
without  a  whimper.  The  barrier  has  steadily  ever 
since  gone  up  between  the  two  peoples.  Isola* 
tion,  restriction,  Increased  debt,  exodus  and  all 
other  mishaps  have  occurred,  and  yet  I  venture  to 
aay  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  elect  a  path- 
m  later,  a  pound  keeper  or  a  constable  on  th(^  an- 
nexation platform  in  a  half  dozen  constituencies 
to  day.  It  would  bo  the  ruin  of  any  politic  tan  or 
any  political  party  to  openly  advocate  annexation, 
and  there  is  no  more  hope  of  this  question  becoming 
one  of  practical  politics,  by  which  alone  it  can  be 
accomplished,  than  there  is  of  a  railroad  to  the 
moon.  Under  the  circumstances  is  it  not  folly  to 
discuss  an  impossible  thing  ? 

"Horace  has  a  good  motto  which  Mr.  Glen  and 
his  fellow  annexationists  should  learn  by  heart.  It 
is  in  these  words :  •  The  short  space  of  life  forbids 
the  laying  of  plans  requiring  a  long  time  for  their 
accomplishment.'  Possibly  annexation  may  be 
accomplished  within  the  next  century,  possibly  it 
may  result  tjiDjupressure,  perhaps  eventually  from 
the  persuasiveness  of  a  liberal  commercial  policy 
knowQ  as  repiprooity.  but  tbat  annexation  will 
come  in  our  life  time  by  either  policy  is  most  un- 
likely. Think  a  minute  of  tLe  impossibility  of 
annexation  when  you  realize  that  Canada  com. 
prises  40  per  cent,  of  the  British  empire.  Daitoii 
McCarthy,  one  of  the  few  independent  conservative 


rili:   Jf.lIKi  T  IN   13UITAIN.  • 


/ 


thinkers  of  C?ana<la,  a  moHt  nincere  and  altle  iiiau, 
Hays  timt  Grvat  Britain  by  thelosH  of  Canada  would 
become  a  second- raty  nower.  To  contemplate  hucIi 
a  possibility  would  1111  the  soul  of  the  average 
Briton  with  consternation  and  horror.  There  are 
those  that  believe  that  the  throne  of  KnKland  and 
all  her  time  honored  Institutions  would  totter  and 
fiiU  if  republican  institutions  were  to  spread  sud- 
denly over  nearly  one-half  of  her  territory.  There 
are  still  others  who  believe  that  the  peace  of  the 
world  will  be  best  maintained  by  having  so  large  a 
portion  of  Great  Britain's  dominion  on  the  conti- 
nent of  North  America,  exposed  ut  all  times  as  it  is 
to  capture  by  the  United  States.  Hhe  is  .always  on 
her  good  behavior  if  40  per  cent,  of  her  empire 
con'd  becomiuered  in  a  week.  On  the  other  hand 
the  United  (States  are  equally  on  their  good  be- 
havior if  the  whole  northern  border  of  4,000  miles 
and  all  the  magnificent  northern  lake  cities  are 
exposed  to  attack. 

'*  The  people  who  talk  filibiy  of  annexation  hardly 
ever  think  how  utterly  Inadequate  are  the  con- 
stitutional means  to  achieve  it.  Heretofore  the 
United  States  have  gained  territory  by  two  means 
only,  revolution  and  war  in  the  first  instance,  and 
purchase  in  tlie  second.  Louisiana,  Florida,  and 
Alanka  have  all  been  purchased,  and  by  the  pur- 
chase enormous  areas  have  been  added.  Texas  was 
conquered,  but  neither  by  purchase  nor  by  con- 
quest can  Canada  be  secured.  War  with  Great 
Britain  tor  the  possession  of  Canada,  would  be  tho 
most  disastrous  event  that  could  happen  to  the 
United  States,  an<l  for  which  there  would  not  be 
the  slightest  Justification.  As  for  purchase,  it  is  not 
to  be  thought  of,  for  Great  Britain  would  sacrifice 
anything  in  tlie  world  but  her  honor,  anything  in 
the  world  rather  than  sell  a  foot  of  her  territory 
>  ai^aiust  the  wish  of  her  people.  A  revolution  in 
Canada  would  T>e  a  necessary  antecedent  to  annex* 
ation,  and  revolution  implies  a  political  discontent, 
which  in  Canada  is  entirely  absent.  They  may  bo 
politically  discontent  for  the  moment  with  the 
party  in  power,  but  the  remedy  of  a  change  is  in 


^ 


ANN'RXATION    UNNECF>8AUY. 


l^ 


their  own  hands,  and  the  remedy  will  be  qalokly 
availed  of  when  elections  occur.  In  view  of  the 
oonstltutional  difUouItieH,  In  the  absence  of  political 
discontent,  how  on  earth  annexation  Is  over  to  be 
brought  about  In  our  days  seems  to  mo  difficult  to 
comprehend.  Certainly  Its  advocacy  on  the  lines 
laid  down  by  Mr.  Glen,  has  a  tendency  to  indU' 
finitely  pontpoue  it. 

"  My  pnsitlon  in  this  matter  is  simply  this :  That 
annexation'  is  unnecesHaju,  is  uiidefllrable  and  is 
imposHlble.  It  in  onuece^.sary,  because  all  that 
annexation  would  achieve  so  far  as  tra<le  and  com- 
merce is  concerned,  would  be  ettectuaily  achieved 
by  unrestricted  reciprocity.  A  commercial  union 
such  as  uoreHtricted  leclprocity  would  afford,  in- 
stead of  a  political  union,  is  all  that  is  needed  to 
open  up  a  marliet  continental  in  its  extent  for  the 
manufactures  of  this  country.  It  equally  jpens 
up  supplies  of  raw  iraterial  more  productive  of 
prosperity  in  the  Unitetl  States  than  anything  else 
Just  now  needed.  Of  all  things  it  opens  up  ter- 
ritory for  the  accommodation  of  the  emigration  that 
is  pouring  in  upon  us,  and  which  such  scenes  as 
that  at  Oklahoma  iu  the  current  week  show  there  in 
no  more  room  for.  The  '  land  hunger '  which  these 
scenes  indicate  shows  the  need  of  wider  areas, 
especially  wheat  producing  territory.  No  one 
thing  in  all  the  category  '^'  ev  nts  possible  to 
happen,  would  be  of  greatt^.  vantage  than  to  have 
the  1,000  miles  square  of  whe^.t  bearing  ten  itory  in 
Canada  to  the  north  of  Minuosota  and  Dakota  filled 
with  emigrants  who  would  be  ready-made  custom- 
ers of  the  United  States.  The  Ijnited  States  are 
making  boots  and  shoes  for  100  millions  of  people, 
with  less  than  65  millions  to  wear  them.  Failures 
are  frequent  in  the  shoe  business  because  of  the 
o\  erproductiou.  Collars  and  culfs  for  150  milllonM 
of  peo))le  are  madf)  at  Troy  alone,  and  we  have  less 
than  or  -half  that  number  to  be  collared  and  cuffed. 
There  i.  not  an  int  J-est  in  the  land  but  needs  room 
lor  expd,i'Hion.  TL-^  ♦M)rners  anil  combinations  iu 
oil,  sugar  starch,  lead  and  almost  every  depart- 
ment of  human  activity  indicate  that  production 


10 


Too  LONG  TO  WAIT 


/ 


has  already  exceeded  conaumption,  tkod  that  wider 
areas  are  absolately  necessary  for  commercial 
progress.  We  cannot  wait  for  Mr.  Glen's  annex- 
ation. One  hundred  years  is  too  long.  Mr.  Blaine's 
reciprocity  schemes  in  the  Soath  are  universally 
commended,  because  they  have  come  in  time  to 
give  the  Bepuhlican  party  a  new  lease  of  life. 
But  for  free  sugar,  which  Mr.  Glen  most  ardently 
and  ably  advocated,  there  would  be  no  hope  in  Ohio. 
Free  sugar  and  other  advantages  have  been  imme- 
diate as  the  result  of  reciprocity  toward  the  South. 
No  such  immediate  results  can  be  achieved  by  Mr. 
Gler's  policy  of  aunexaibion  toward  the  North. 

'*  In  the  anxious  desire  for  Reciprocity,  however, 
it  may  not  be  wise  in  the  impending  negotiations 
at  Washington  to  yield  to  the  blandishments  of 
the  Tory  party,  and  be  seduced  into  a  partial 
measure  of  reciprocal  trade.  If  the  fullest  advan- 
tages of  a  continental  unity  in  trade  are  to  be 
gained,  it  would  be  better  to  await  the  advent  of 
the  Liberal  party  t  •  power,  which  in  Canada  seems 
now  extremely  probable.  The  latter  is  the  party 
entirely  friendly  to  the  United  Siates,  and  is  ready- 
to  yield  every  point  which  this  country  can  demand 
consistently  with  honor  and  a  maintenance  of 
British  connection.  Any  attempt  to  force  either 
parly  to  concessions  in  the  hope  of  annexation  will 
be  simply  postponing  the  enormous  advantages 
which  to  both  countries  would  flow  from  an  unre- 
strict ed  reciprocity." 


i' 


y 


I 


